METABOLISM

8:33 PM |

1. ENERGY the ability to do work is needed for the survivial of living organisms.
Catabolic Reactions:  reactions that result in the breakdown of complex substances.
Anabolic Reactions: cells build complex substances from simpler subunits (such as DNA from nucleotides.)
Metabolism: The sum of all anabolic and catabolic processes in a cell or organism.

2. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS:
1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted forom one form into another. (The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.)
2. The entropy (measure of randomness or disorder in energy or in a collection of objects) of the universe increases with any change that occurs.
3. abosolute zero

3. All forms of energy can be classified as KINETIC ENERGY or POTENTIAL ENERGY

4. Potential energy diagram is a diagram showing the changes in potential energy that take placeduring a chemical reaction

5. Endothermic reaction: the reactants have more energy than the products
Exothermic reaction: the products have more energy than the reactants

6. Entropy increases when:
- solid reactants become liquids or gaseous products
- liquid reactants become gaseous products
- fewer moles of reactant molecule form a greater number of moles of product molecules

7. FREE ENERGY: energy that can do work

8. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary source of free energy in living cells.

9. PHOSPHORYLATION: the process of attaching a phosphate group to an organic molecule

10. OXIDIZATION: a chemical reaction in which an atom loses one or more electrons.

11. REDUCTION: a chemical reaction in which an atom gains one or more electrons.

12. REDOX REACTION: (oxidization-reduction) is a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.
13. ENZYME: a biological protein catalyst.

14. SUBSTRATE: the reactant that an enzyme acts on when it catalyzes a chemical reaction.    
                                                                           
15. ACTIVE SITE: the location where the substrate binds to an enzyme
16. COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS: substances that compete with the subtrate for an enzymeès acitive site.
17. NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITORS: substances that attach to a binding site on an enzyme other than the active site causing a change in the enzymes shape and a loss of affinity for its substrate

19. FEEDBACK INHIBITION: method used by cells to control metabolic pathways in which a product formedd later in the sequence of reaction steps allosterically inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction occuring earler in the process
 
 
20. Enzymes are used in many commercial and industrial process such as cleaning and brewing.  

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Posted by Mahdis!

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